import abc
import math
import re
import warnings
from datetime import date
from decimal import Decimal
from enum import Enum
from pathlib import Path
from types import new_class
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Callable,
    ClassVar,
    Dict,
    FrozenSet,
    List,
    Optional,
    Pattern,
    Set,
    Tuple,
    Type,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
    cast,
    overload,
)
from uuid import UUID
from weakref import WeakSet

from . import errors
from .datetime_parse import parse_date
from .utils import import_string, update_not_none
from .validators import (
    bytes_validator,
    constr_length_validator,
    constr_lower,
    constr_strip_whitespace,
    constr_upper,
    decimal_validator,
    float_finite_validator,
    float_validator,
    frozenset_validator,
    int_validator,
    list_validator,
    number_multiple_validator,
    number_size_validator,
    path_exists_validator,
    path_validator,
    set_validator,
    str_validator,
    strict_bytes_validator,
    strict_float_validator,
    strict_int_validator,
    strict_str_validator,
)

__all__ = [
    'NoneStr',
    'NoneBytes',
    'StrBytes',
    'NoneStrBytes',
    'StrictStr',
    'ConstrainedBytes',
    'conbytes',
    'ConstrainedList',
    'conlist',
    'ConstrainedSet',
    'conset',
    'ConstrainedFrozenSet',
    'confrozenset',
    'ConstrainedStr',
    'constr',
    'PyObject',
    'ConstrainedInt',
    'conint',
    'PositiveInt',
    'NegativeInt',
    'NonNegativeInt',
    'NonPositiveInt',
    'ConstrainedFloat',
    'confloat',
    'PositiveFloat',
    'NegativeFloat',
    'NonNegativeFloat',
    'NonPositiveFloat',
    'FiniteFloat',
    'ConstrainedDecimal',
    'condecimal',
    'UUID1',
    'UUID3',
    'UUID4',
    'UUID5',
    'FilePath',
    'DirectoryPath',
    'Json',
    'JsonWrapper',
    'SecretField',
    'SecretStr',
    'SecretBytes',
    'StrictBool',
    'StrictBytes',
    'StrictInt',
    'StrictFloat',
    'PaymentCardNumber',
    'ByteSize',
    'PastDate',
    'FutureDate',
    'ConstrainedDate',
    'condate',
]

NoneStr = Optional[str]
NoneBytes = Optional[bytes]
StrBytes = Union[str, bytes]
NoneStrBytes = Optional[StrBytes]
OptionalInt = Optional[int]
OptionalIntFloat = Union[OptionalInt, float]
OptionalIntFloatDecimal = Union[OptionalIntFloat, Decimal]
OptionalDate = Optional[date]
StrIntFloat = Union[str, int, float]

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing_extensions import Annotated

    from .dataclasses import Dataclass
    from .main import BaseModel
    from .typing import CallableGenerator

    ModelOrDc = Type[Union[BaseModel, Dataclass]]

T = TypeVar('T')
_DEFINED_TYPES: 'WeakSet[type]' = WeakSet()


@overload
def _registered(typ: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
    pass


@overload
def _registered(typ: 'ConstrainedNumberMeta') -> 'ConstrainedNumberMeta':
    pass


def _registered(typ: Union[Type[T], 'ConstrainedNumberMeta']) -> Union[Type[T], 'ConstrainedNumberMeta']:
    # In order to generate valid examples of constrained types, Hypothesis needs
    # to inspect the type object - so we keep a weakref to each contype object
    # until it can be registered.  When (or if) our Hypothesis plugin is loaded,
    # it monkeypatches this function.
    # If Hypothesis is never used, the total effect is to keep a weak reference
    # which has minimal memory usage and doesn't even affect garbage collection.
    _DEFINED_TYPES.add(typ)
    return typ


class ConstrainedNumberMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name: str, bases: Any, dct: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'ConstrainedInt':  # type: ignore
        new_cls = cast('ConstrainedInt', type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dct))

        if new_cls.gt is not None and new_cls.ge is not None:
            raise errors.ConfigError('bounds gt and ge cannot be specified at the same time')
        if new_cls.lt is not None and new_cls.le is not None:
            raise errors.ConfigError('bounds lt and le cannot be specified at the same time')

        return _registered(new_cls)  # type: ignore


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BOOLEAN TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    StrictBool = bool
else:

    class StrictBool(int):
        """
        StrictBool to allow for bools which are not type-coerced.
        """

        @classmethod
        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            field_schema.update(type='boolean')

        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: Any) -> bool:
            """
            Ensure that we only allow bools.
            """
            if isinstance(value, bool):
                return value

            raise errors.StrictBoolError()


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INTEGER TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class ConstrainedInt(int, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
    strict: bool = False
    gt: OptionalInt = None
    ge: OptionalInt = None
    lt: OptionalInt = None
    le: OptionalInt = None
    multiple_of: OptionalInt = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
            minimum=cls.ge,
            maximum=cls.le,
            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
        )

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield strict_int_validator if cls.strict else int_validator
        yield number_size_validator
        yield number_multiple_validator


def conint(
    *,
    strict: bool = False,
    gt: Optional[int] = None,
    ge: Optional[int] = None,
    lt: Optional[int] = None,
    le: Optional[int] = None,
    multiple_of: Optional[int] = None,
) -> Type[int]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(strict=strict, gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, multiple_of=multiple_of)
    return type('ConstrainedIntValue', (ConstrainedInt,), namespace)


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    PositiveInt = int
    NegativeInt = int
    NonPositiveInt = int
    NonNegativeInt = int
    StrictInt = int
else:

    class PositiveInt(ConstrainedInt):
        gt = 0

    class NegativeInt(ConstrainedInt):
        lt = 0

    class NonPositiveInt(ConstrainedInt):
        le = 0

    class NonNegativeInt(ConstrainedInt):
        ge = 0

    class StrictInt(ConstrainedInt):
        strict = True


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLOAT TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class ConstrainedFloat(float, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
    strict: bool = False
    gt: OptionalIntFloat = None
    ge: OptionalIntFloat = None
    lt: OptionalIntFloat = None
    le: OptionalIntFloat = None
    multiple_of: OptionalIntFloat = None
    allow_inf_nan: Optional[bool] = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
            minimum=cls.ge,
            maximum=cls.le,
            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
        )
        # Modify constraints to account for differences between IEEE floats and JSON
        if field_schema.get('exclusiveMinimum') == -math.inf:
            del field_schema['exclusiveMinimum']
        if field_schema.get('minimum') == -math.inf:
            del field_schema['minimum']
        if field_schema.get('exclusiveMaximum') == math.inf:
            del field_schema['exclusiveMaximum']
        if field_schema.get('maximum') == math.inf:
            del field_schema['maximum']

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield strict_float_validator if cls.strict else float_validator
        yield number_size_validator
        yield number_multiple_validator
        yield float_finite_validator


def confloat(
    *,
    strict: bool = False,
    gt: float = None,
    ge: float = None,
    lt: float = None,
    le: float = None,
    multiple_of: float = None,
    allow_inf_nan: Optional[bool] = None,
) -> Type[float]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(strict=strict, gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, multiple_of=multiple_of, allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan)
    return type('ConstrainedFloatValue', (ConstrainedFloat,), namespace)


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    PositiveFloat = float
    NegativeFloat = float
    NonPositiveFloat = float
    NonNegativeFloat = float
    StrictFloat = float
    FiniteFloat = float
else:

    class PositiveFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        gt = 0

    class NegativeFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        lt = 0

    class NonPositiveFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        le = 0

    class NonNegativeFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        ge = 0

    class StrictFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        strict = True

    class FiniteFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
        allow_inf_nan = False


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTES TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class ConstrainedBytes(bytes):
    strip_whitespace = False
    to_upper = False
    to_lower = False
    min_length: OptionalInt = None
    max_length: OptionalInt = None
    strict: bool = False

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(field_schema, minLength=cls.min_length, maxLength=cls.max_length)

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield strict_bytes_validator if cls.strict else bytes_validator
        yield constr_strip_whitespace
        yield constr_upper
        yield constr_lower
        yield constr_length_validator


def conbytes(
    *,
    strip_whitespace: bool = False,
    to_upper: bool = False,
    to_lower: bool = False,
    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
    strict: bool = False,
) -> Type[bytes]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(
        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
        to_upper=to_upper,
        to_lower=to_lower,
        min_length=min_length,
        max_length=max_length,
        strict=strict,
    )
    return _registered(type('ConstrainedBytesValue', (ConstrainedBytes,), namespace))


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    StrictBytes = bytes
else:

    class StrictBytes(ConstrainedBytes):
        strict = True


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ STRING TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class ConstrainedStr(str):
    strip_whitespace = False
    to_upper = False
    to_lower = False
    min_length: OptionalInt = None
    max_length: OptionalInt = None
    curtail_length: OptionalInt = None
    regex: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = None
    strict = False

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            minLength=cls.min_length,
            maxLength=cls.max_length,
            pattern=cls.regex and cls._get_pattern(cls.regex),
        )

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield strict_str_validator if cls.strict else str_validator
        yield constr_strip_whitespace
        yield constr_upper
        yield constr_lower
        yield constr_length_validator
        yield cls.validate

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, value: Union[str]) -> Union[str]:
        if cls.curtail_length and len(value) > cls.curtail_length:
            value = value[: cls.curtail_length]

        if cls.regex:
            if not re.match(cls.regex, value):
                raise errors.StrRegexError(pattern=cls._get_pattern(cls.regex))

        return value

    @staticmethod
    def _get_pattern(regex: Union[str, Pattern[str]]) -> str:
        return regex if isinstance(regex, str) else regex.pattern


def constr(
    *,
    strip_whitespace: bool = False,
    to_upper: bool = False,
    to_lower: bool = False,
    strict: bool = False,
    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
    curtail_length: Optional[int] = None,
    regex: Optional[str] = None,
) -> Type[str]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(
        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
        to_upper=to_upper,
        to_lower=to_lower,
        strict=strict,
        min_length=min_length,
        max_length=max_length,
        curtail_length=curtail_length,
        regex=regex and re.compile(regex),
    )
    return _registered(type('ConstrainedStrValue', (ConstrainedStr,), namespace))


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    StrictStr = str
else:

    class StrictStr(ConstrainedStr):
        strict = True


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SET TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

# This types superclass should be Set[T], but cython chokes on that...
class ConstrainedSet(set):  # type: ignore
    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a set
    __origin__ = set
    __args__: Set[Type[T]]  # type: ignore

    min_items: Optional[int] = None
    max_items: Optional[int] = None
    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.set_length_validator

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items)

    @classmethod
    def set_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[Set[T]]') -> 'Optional[Set[T]]':
        if v is None:
            return None

        v = set_validator(v)
        v_len = len(v)

        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
            raise errors.SetMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)

        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
            raise errors.SetMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)

        return v


def conset(item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None) -> Type[Set[T]]:
    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
    namespace = {'min_items': min_items, 'max_items': max_items, 'item_type': item_type, '__args__': [item_type]}
    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
    return new_class('ConstrainedSetValue', (ConstrainedSet,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))


# This types superclass should be FrozenSet[T], but cython chokes on that...
class ConstrainedFrozenSet(frozenset):  # type: ignore
    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a set
    __origin__ = frozenset
    __args__: FrozenSet[Type[T]]  # type: ignore

    min_items: Optional[int] = None
    max_items: Optional[int] = None
    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.frozenset_length_validator

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items)

    @classmethod
    def frozenset_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[FrozenSet[T]]') -> 'Optional[FrozenSet[T]]':
        if v is None:
            return None

        v = frozenset_validator(v)
        v_len = len(v)

        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
            raise errors.FrozenSetMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)

        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
            raise errors.FrozenSetMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)

        return v


def confrozenset(
    item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None
) -> Type[FrozenSet[T]]:
    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
    namespace = {'min_items': min_items, 'max_items': max_items, 'item_type': item_type, '__args__': [item_type]}
    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
    return new_class('ConstrainedFrozenSetValue', (ConstrainedFrozenSet,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LIST TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

# This types superclass should be List[T], but cython chokes on that...
class ConstrainedList(list):  # type: ignore
    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a list
    __origin__ = list
    __args__: Tuple[Type[T], ...]  # type: ignore

    min_items: Optional[int] = None
    max_items: Optional[int] = None
    unique_items: Optional[bool] = None
    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.list_length_validator
        if cls.unique_items:
            yield cls.unique_items_validator

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items, uniqueItems=cls.unique_items)

    @classmethod
    def list_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[List[T]]') -> 'Optional[List[T]]':
        if v is None:
            return None

        v = list_validator(v)
        v_len = len(v)

        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
            raise errors.ListMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)

        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
            raise errors.ListMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)

        return v

    @classmethod
    def unique_items_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[List[T]]') -> 'Optional[List[T]]':
        if v is None:
            return None

        for i, value in enumerate(v, start=1):
            if value in v[i:]:
                raise errors.ListUniqueItemsError()

        return v


def conlist(
    item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None, unique_items: bool = None
) -> Type[List[T]]:
    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
    namespace = dict(
        min_items=min_items, max_items=max_items, unique_items=unique_items, item_type=item_type, __args__=(item_type,)
    )
    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
    return new_class('ConstrainedListValue', (ConstrainedList,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PYOBJECT TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    PyObject = Callable[..., Any]
else:

    class PyObject:
        validate_always = True

        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: Any) -> Any:
            if isinstance(value, Callable):
                return value

            try:
                value = str_validator(value)
            except errors.StrError:
                raise errors.PyObjectError(error_message='value is neither a valid import path not a valid callable')

            try:
                return import_string(value)
            except ImportError as e:
                raise errors.PyObjectError(error_message=str(e))


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECIMAL TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class ConstrainedDecimal(Decimal, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
    gt: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
    ge: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
    lt: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
    le: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
    max_digits: OptionalInt = None
    decimal_places: OptionalInt = None
    multiple_of: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
            minimum=cls.ge,
            maximum=cls.le,
            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
        )

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield decimal_validator
        yield number_size_validator
        yield number_multiple_validator
        yield cls.validate

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, value: Decimal) -> Decimal:
        digit_tuple, exponent = value.as_tuple()[1:]
        if exponent in {'F', 'n', 'N'}:
            raise errors.DecimalIsNotFiniteError()

        if exponent >= 0:
            # A positive exponent adds that many trailing zeros.
            digits = len(digit_tuple) + exponent
            decimals = 0
        else:
            # If the absolute value of the negative exponent is larger than the
            # number of digits, then it's the same as the number of digits,
            # because it'll consume all of the digits in digit_tuple and then
            # add abs(exponent) - len(digit_tuple) leading zeros after the
            # decimal point.
            if abs(exponent) > len(digit_tuple):
                digits = decimals = abs(exponent)
            else:
                digits = len(digit_tuple)
                decimals = abs(exponent)
        whole_digits = digits - decimals

        if cls.max_digits is not None and digits > cls.max_digits:
            raise errors.DecimalMaxDigitsError(max_digits=cls.max_digits)

        if cls.decimal_places is not None and decimals > cls.decimal_places:
            raise errors.DecimalMaxPlacesError(decimal_places=cls.decimal_places)

        if cls.max_digits is not None and cls.decimal_places is not None:
            expected = cls.max_digits - cls.decimal_places
            if whole_digits > expected:
                raise errors.DecimalWholeDigitsError(whole_digits=expected)

        return value


def condecimal(
    *,
    gt: Decimal = None,
    ge: Decimal = None,
    lt: Decimal = None,
    le: Decimal = None,
    max_digits: Optional[int] = None,
    decimal_places: Optional[int] = None,
    multiple_of: Decimal = None,
) -> Type[Decimal]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(
        gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, max_digits=max_digits, decimal_places=decimal_places, multiple_of=multiple_of
    )
    return type('ConstrainedDecimalValue', (ConstrainedDecimal,), namespace)


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UUID TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    UUID1 = UUID
    UUID3 = UUID
    UUID4 = UUID
    UUID5 = UUID
else:

    class UUID1(UUID):
        _required_version = 1

        @classmethod
        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            field_schema.update(type='string', format=f'uuid{cls._required_version}')

    class UUID3(UUID1):
        _required_version = 3

    class UUID4(UUID1):
        _required_version = 4

    class UUID5(UUID1):
        _required_version = 5


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PATH TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    FilePath = Path
    DirectoryPath = Path
else:

    class FilePath(Path):
        @classmethod
        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            field_schema.update(format='file-path')

        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield path_validator
            yield path_exists_validator
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: Path) -> Path:
            if not value.is_file():
                raise errors.PathNotAFileError(path=value)

            return value

    class DirectoryPath(Path):
        @classmethod
        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            field_schema.update(format='directory-path')

        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield path_validator
            yield path_exists_validator
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: Path) -> Path:
            if not value.is_dir():
                raise errors.PathNotADirectoryError(path=value)

            return value


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JSON TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class JsonWrapper:
    pass


class JsonMeta(type):
    def __getitem__(self, t: Type[Any]) -> Type[JsonWrapper]:
        if t is Any:
            return Json  # allow Json[Any] to replecate plain Json
        return _registered(type('JsonWrapperValue', (JsonWrapper,), {'inner_type': t}))


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    Json = Annotated[T, ...]  # Json[list[str]] will be recognized by type checkers as list[str]

else:

    class Json(metaclass=JsonMeta):
        @classmethod
        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
            field_schema.update(type='string', format='json-string')


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SECRET TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class SecretField(abc.ABC):
    """
    Note: this should be implemented as a generic like `SecretField(ABC, Generic[T])`,
          the `__init__()` should be part of the abstract class and the
          `get_secret_value()` method should use the generic `T` type.

          However Cython doesn't support very well generics at the moment and
          the generated code fails to be imported (see
          https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2753).
    """

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.get_secret_value() == other.get_secret_value()

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return '**********' if self.get_secret_value() else ''

    def __hash__(self) -> int:
        return hash(self.get_secret_value())

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def get_secret_value(self) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
        ...


class SecretStr(SecretField):
    min_length: OptionalInt = None
    max_length: OptionalInt = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            type='string',
            writeOnly=True,
            format='password',
            minLength=cls.min_length,
            maxLength=cls.max_length,
        )

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.validate
        yield constr_length_validator

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> 'SecretStr':
        if isinstance(value, cls):
            return value
        value = str_validator(value)
        return cls(value)

    def __init__(self, value: str):
        self._secret_value = value

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"SecretStr('{self}')"

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self._secret_value)

    def display(self) -> str:
        warnings.warn('`secret_str.display()` is deprecated, use `str(secret_str)` instead', DeprecationWarning)
        return str(self)

    def get_secret_value(self) -> str:
        return self._secret_value


class SecretBytes(SecretField):
    min_length: OptionalInt = None
    max_length: OptionalInt = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(
            field_schema,
            type='string',
            writeOnly=True,
            format='password',
            minLength=cls.min_length,
            maxLength=cls.max_length,
        )

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.validate
        yield constr_length_validator

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> 'SecretBytes':
        if isinstance(value, cls):
            return value
        value = bytes_validator(value)
        return cls(value)

    def __init__(self, value: bytes):
        self._secret_value = value

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"SecretBytes(b'{self}')"

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self._secret_value)

    def display(self) -> str:
        warnings.warn('`secret_bytes.display()` is deprecated, use `str(secret_bytes)` instead', DeprecationWarning)
        return str(self)

    def get_secret_value(self) -> bytes:
        return self._secret_value


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PAYMENT CARD TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


class PaymentCardBrand(str, Enum):
    # If you add another card type, please also add it to the
    # Hypothesis strategy in `pydantic._hypothesis_plugin`.
    amex = 'American Express'
    mastercard = 'Mastercard'
    visa = 'Visa'
    other = 'other'

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return self.value


class PaymentCardNumber(str):
    """
    Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number
    """

    strip_whitespace: ClassVar[bool] = True
    min_length: ClassVar[int] = 12
    max_length: ClassVar[int] = 19
    bin: str
    last4: str
    brand: PaymentCardBrand

    def __init__(self, card_number: str):
        self.bin = card_number[:6]
        self.last4 = card_number[-4:]
        self.brand = self._get_brand(card_number)

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield str_validator
        yield constr_strip_whitespace
        yield constr_length_validator
        yield cls.validate_digits
        yield cls.validate_luhn_check_digit
        yield cls
        yield cls.validate_length_for_brand

    @property
    def masked(self) -> str:
        num_masked = len(self) - 10  # len(bin) + len(last4) == 10
        return f'{self.bin}{"*" * num_masked}{self.last4}'

    @classmethod
    def validate_digits(cls, card_number: str) -> str:
        if not card_number.isdigit():
            raise errors.NotDigitError
        return card_number

    @classmethod
    def validate_luhn_check_digit(cls, card_number: str) -> str:
        """
        Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm
        """
        sum_ = int(card_number[-1])
        length = len(card_number)
        parity = length % 2
        for i in range(length - 1):
            digit = int(card_number[i])
            if i % 2 == parity:
                digit *= 2
            if digit > 9:
                digit -= 9
            sum_ += digit
        valid = sum_ % 10 == 0
        if not valid:
            raise errors.LuhnValidationError
        return card_number

    @classmethod
    def validate_length_for_brand(cls, card_number: 'PaymentCardNumber') -> 'PaymentCardNumber':
        """
        Validate length based on BIN for major brands:
        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number#Issuer_identification_number_(IIN)
        """
        required_length: Union[None, int, str] = None
        if card_number.brand in PaymentCardBrand.mastercard:
            required_length = 16
            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
        elif card_number.brand == PaymentCardBrand.visa:
            required_length = '13, 16 or 19'
            valid = len(card_number) in {13, 16, 19}
        elif card_number.brand == PaymentCardBrand.amex:
            required_length = 15
            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
        else:
            valid = True
        if not valid:
            raise errors.InvalidLengthForBrand(brand=card_number.brand, required_length=required_length)
        return card_number

    @staticmethod
    def _get_brand(card_number: str) -> PaymentCardBrand:
        if card_number[0] == '4':
            brand = PaymentCardBrand.visa
        elif 51 <= int(card_number[:2]) <= 55:
            brand = PaymentCardBrand.mastercard
        elif card_number[:2] in {'34', '37'}:
            brand = PaymentCardBrand.amex
        else:
            brand = PaymentCardBrand.other
        return brand


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTE SIZE TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

BYTE_SIZES = {
    'b': 1,
    'kb': 10**3,
    'mb': 10**6,
    'gb': 10**9,
    'tb': 10**12,
    'pb': 10**15,
    'eb': 10**18,
    'kib': 2**10,
    'mib': 2**20,
    'gib': 2**30,
    'tib': 2**40,
    'pib': 2**50,
    'eib': 2**60,
}
BYTE_SIZES.update({k.lower()[0]: v for k, v in BYTE_SIZES.items() if 'i' not in k})
byte_string_re = re.compile(r'^\s*(\d*\.?\d+)\s*(\w+)?', re.IGNORECASE)


class ByteSize(int):
    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield cls.validate

    @classmethod
    def validate(cls, v: StrIntFloat) -> 'ByteSize':

        try:
            return cls(int(v))
        except ValueError:
            pass

        str_match = byte_string_re.match(str(v))
        if str_match is None:
            raise errors.InvalidByteSize()

        scalar, unit = str_match.groups()
        if unit is None:
            unit = 'b'

        try:
            unit_mult = BYTE_SIZES[unit.lower()]
        except KeyError:
            raise errors.InvalidByteSizeUnit(unit=unit)

        return cls(int(float(scalar) * unit_mult))

    def human_readable(self, decimal: bool = False) -> str:

        if decimal:
            divisor = 1000
            units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB']
            final_unit = 'EB'
        else:
            divisor = 1024
            units = ['B', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB']
            final_unit = 'EiB'

        num = float(self)
        for unit in units:
            if abs(num) < divisor:
                return f'{num:0.1f}{unit}'
            num /= divisor

        return f'{num:0.1f}{final_unit}'

    def to(self, unit: str) -> float:

        try:
            unit_div = BYTE_SIZES[unit.lower()]
        except KeyError:
            raise errors.InvalidByteSizeUnit(unit=unit)

        return self / unit_div


# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DATE TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    PastDate = date
    FutureDate = date
else:

    class PastDate(date):
        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield parse_date
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: date) -> date:
            if value >= date.today():
                raise errors.DateNotInThePastError()

            return value

    class FutureDate(date):
        @classmethod
        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
            yield parse_date
            yield cls.validate

        @classmethod
        def validate(cls, value: date) -> date:
            if value <= date.today():
                raise errors.DateNotInTheFutureError()

            return value


class ConstrainedDate(date, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
    gt: OptionalDate = None
    ge: OptionalDate = None
    lt: OptionalDate = None
    le: OptionalDate = None

    @classmethod
    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
        update_not_none(field_schema, exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt, exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt, minimum=cls.ge, maximum=cls.le)

    @classmethod
    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
        yield parse_date
        yield number_size_validator


def condate(
    *,
    gt: date = None,
    ge: date = None,
    lt: date = None,
    le: date = None,
) -> Type[date]:
    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
    namespace = dict(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le)
    return type('ConstrainedDateValue', (ConstrainedDate,), namespace)
